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Cytomegalovirus
The cytomegalovirus (CMV) is related to the herpes virus and is present in almost everyone. Normally the immune system is able to fight the virus, preventing it from causing problems in their bodies. However, when the immune system is suppressed because of disease (HIV), organ or bone marrow transplant, or chemotherapy, the CMV virus can cause damage and disease to the eye and the rest of the body.
Cytomegalovirus
Photographs of retinas affected with CMV retinitis

CMV is the most common type of virus that infects those who are HIV positive. It affects the eye in about 30% of the cases by causing damage to the macula. This is called CMV retinitis. The likelihood of developing CMV retinitis increases as the CD4 cell count decreases.

Cytomegalovirus
Normal (unaffected) retina

CMV retinitis may affect one eye at first, but usually progresses to both eyes and becomes worse as the patient's ability to fight infection decreases. The virus is sight threatening and usually requires the care and treatment of a vitreo-retinal surgeon. Patients with CMV retinitis are at risk of retinal detachment, hemorrhages, and inflammation of the retina that can lead to permanent loss of vision and even blindness.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CMV retinitis usually causes symptoms, but not always. Patients with a condition that suppresses the immune system should watch for the following eye symptoms while under the care of a physician.

•Floaters (spots, bugs, spider webs)
•Light flashes
•Blind spots
•Blurred vision
•Obstructed areas of vision
•Sudden decrease of vision
DETECTION AND DIGNOSIS
Most patients with CMV retinitis are referred for eye treatment by another physician. The vitreo-retinal surgeon diagnoses CMV retinitis by thoroughly examining the back of the eye using ophthalmoscopy. Fluorescein angiography may be needed to evaluate the circulatory system of the retina.

TREATMENT
When managing CMV retinitis, the goal of the doctor is to slow the progression of the disease and to treat related eye problems. Anti-viral medications such as ganciclovir or foscarnet are often prescribed. These drugs can be administered orally, intravenously, injected directly into the eye or through an intravitreal implant

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